Transistor BC548

Datasheet : BC548 BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The maximum DC current gain is 800.   Its equivalent transistors are 2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors however have different lead assignments. The variants of BC548 are 548A, 548B and 548C which vary in range of current gain and...

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How comparator circuit works? Simple concepts in the study of comparator using opamp

Comparator is a circuit with two input terminals i.e. inverting and non-inverting. A standard voltage known as reference voltage Vref is connected to either inverting or non inverting terminal. When it is connected to inverting terminal the input voltage Vin to compare is connected to non-inverting terminal or vice versa. When the Vref = 0 and it is connected to inverting terminal, the circuit is called as INVERTING...

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Car stereo amplifier circuit using TDA2040

Given below is a car stereo amplifier circuit using  audio amplifier IC – TDA2040 Car Audio Amplifier Circuit: Description of the circuit: A car stereo amplifier circuit using TDA2040 is shown here. TDA2040 is a monolithic integrated audio amplifier that operates in Class AB mode. The IC has built in circuitry for short circuit protection and thermal shut down and more over it can be operated from a single supply...

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The Ways to Hack and Salvage The iPod Video LCD!

Electronics Hacks You've a broken iPod, which has been leftover in the drawer for years but you just didn't know what you should do about it? Instead of abandoning it, why don't you take up some time and do something with it? Basically, the 2.5" QVGA TFT LCD in the iPod video is very valuable and it can be salvaged then use in the large-scale project! For this purpose, you should make sure that you're using the iPod, which its hard disk...

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FM radio controlled anti-theft alarm

This FM radio-controlled anti- theft alarm can be used with any vehicle having 6- to 12-volt DC supply system. The mini VHF, FM transmitter is fitted in the vehicle at night when it is parked in the car porch or car park. The receiver unit with CXA1019, a single IC-based FM radio module, which is freely available in the market at reasonable rate, is kept inside. Receiver is tuned to the transmitter’s frequency. When the transmitter is on...

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Fundamentals of resistors

Detailed information about resistors… Resistor – the resistor is an element which opposes to the flow of electric current. Resistance is the property of the material by which it opposes to the flow of current, the current may be either AC or DC; it offers equal resistance to both. Basically their are two types of resistors : fixed and variable resistors. The fixed resistors have a given fixed value. It does not change by any physical means....

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Voltage and current distribution curves in radiation pattern of a dipole antenna

Basic action of an antenna As per Maxwell’s theory, we know that the accelerated electrons always radiate energy in the form of EM waves. When a high frequency current is passed through a conductor, then the free electrons inside the conductor get accelerated through it and thus it produces alternating EM wave or a field. Hence, the EM waves are characterized by the so called electric field (E) and the magnetic field (H) which are always...

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