VHDL code for 1x4 Demultiplexer using structural style

library IEEE;
use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;

entity bejoy_1x4 is
port(s1,s2,data_in : in std_logic;
d1,d2,d3,d4 : out std_logic);
end bejoy_1x4;

architecture arc of bejoy_1x4 is

component dmux
port(sx1,sx2,d : in std_logic;
z1,z2 : out std_logic);
end component;

begin
dmux1 : dmux port map(s1,s2,data_in,d1,d2);
dmux2 : dmux port map(not s1,s2,data_in,d3,d4);
end arc;

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

entity dmux is
port(sx1,sx2,d :in std_logic;
z1,z2: out std_logic);
end dmux;

architecture arc of dmux is
begin
z1 <= d and (not sx1) and (not sx2);
z2 <= d and (not sx1) and sx2;
end arc;

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VHDL code for D Flip Flop

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

entity bejoy_dff is
port(d,clock :in std_logic;
Q:out std_logic);
end bejoy_dff;

architecture arc of bejoy_dff is

begin
process(clock)
begin

if clock'event and clock='1' then
Q<=D;

end if;
end process;
end arc;

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Single Ended Class-A Power Amplifier using 6C45Pi

The valve itself, have a simple circuit enviable any transistor amplifier, however, not many projects that employ a single active component. This construction philosophy, I like to call it minimalism.

If one speaks of minimalism, I think, that this project has all the credentials to qualify as such.

This is an amplifier cu, a final integrated (Compact) which employs a single tube (triode) signed 6C45Pi. To do this, could be used several tubes, including 437A, E55L (pentode) and the fantastic and expensive EC8020.

Two lines must for this valve: The EC8020 has an exceptional linearity, high dissipation and trasconduttanza worthy of a power triode. All factors ideal for a good amplifier cu, were it not for the prohibitive price (on the ebay Offers easily exceed one thousand dollars!).

6C45Pi even if does not reach the performance of EC8020, performs the task with dignity. The cost is a couple of orders of magnitude lower and is currently produced by Electro Harmonix and is part of his series most valuable the Gold Pins.

Schematic Diagram

The circuit used setup is classic: single-ended. This choice leads to a lower power, an output transformer more expensive, but all will benefit, at least for my taste, the sound quality.

shematic-Single-Ended-Class-A-Power-Amplifier-using-6C45Pi

About nutrition, the first idea was to use, such as straightening, a valve, but with an excessive size of the Schottky diode and filtering capabilities have also obtained excellent results (Sonic).


PCB

Not many projects are implemented on printed circuit valve, but it is my strong belief that, 's addition to a more orderly construction, provides added value to the success of the project.

The layout is as follows:

PCB-Layout-Single-Ended-Class-A-Power-Amplifier-using-6C45Pi

A fundamental rule in the design of the board is to avoid any link mass, so you should use as much as possible in a star structure. Usually the star center coincides with the negative of the first capacitor filter.

Realization

The board:



I used the usual method of iron more HCl + H 2 O 2.

Four resistors are metal film for half a watt, those from 220ohm wire wound vitreous enamel coated 6W, the Panasonic FC Electrolytic low impedance. Alps potentiometer, then the diodes, as already mentioned, type Schottky 1000V 1.5 A.

The two TU are wrapped by the Company upon specific ATC Electronix: www.atcelectronix.com/ provides the following features:

Primary: 4000 ohms
Secondary: 6 ohms
Power: 10W
Grain-oriented core AC 0:35
Bandwidth: 15 Hz - 75 KHz



I like to use for my projects output transformers wound on specific, because I have the opportunity to obtain more than I seek., The kind Mr. E. Calabrese's ATC Electronix has been immediately available, we discussed the characteristics and came quietly meeting.

Mechanically, the TU are well made, sturdy, beautiful black ice caps, we see that there is the hand of a fan.

Some photos of finished:


The cabinet is birch plywood 10mm polished with wax. I like the effect that old yellow comes out. The photos do not make the idea of greatness, but it is really small, only 230 x 200 mm high 60mm (TU and TA excluded).



I suggest to the speaker terminals, derived from a larval bi-wiring connections, it was a very economical way to get the four terminals, buying in bulk would have cost me more.



The cable used for connections between RCA, potentiometer and card is excellent Belden.

Listening

A valve, one triode and yet it sounds. Thought of having to keep the volume potentiometer can to listen to a decent level, but it was not at all. The pot did not exceed half of the race than I shouted down ... but we are talking about a "paltry" Watts!. Certainly the BLH (FE108ESigma) have done their bit (90 dB / W efficiency).

I connected everything, turned on and my room was immediately filled with music. Main features: detail, depth and dynamics.

Everything I heard sounded really good, thanks not only 6C45Pi but also of TU ATC Electronix.

The Finaly I am deeply moved, usually happens at concerts and my master amplifier.

The Medes and the voices are spectacular. I listened to all possible kinds of vocal music. Each of them seem natural, male or female is.

From Jazz to Classical, dall'Acustica the Rock and anything there is in the middle, everything comes back perfect. This little amp is very transparent.

Having experienced the one-tube amplifier, I had the confirmation: I will be forever minimal! Few watts, or only a few components in the audio chain, single screw speakers, no cross-over, no feedback, just pure music!. An amp like this, a simple player, a pair of single screw is all that a person has (or should have) need. I am extremely satisfied, so much so that I could separate me from my SE with the 2A3 and not feel greatly missed.

Faults? Sure. The sensitivity is very high, indeed it is low for maximum power output must be driven by almost 5 Vpp. The dynamic is good, but only one watt is just for musicians. However, the little man is promoted with flying colors while remaining down to earth.

(Source: http://digilander.libero.it/giovannidefilippo/progetti/GDF-UNICO!/UNICO.htm)

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VHDL code for 8x3 Encoder

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

entity bejoy_8x3 is
port(d0,d1,d2,d3,d4,d5,d6,d7:in std_logic;

a0,a1,a2:out std_logic);
end bejoy_8x3;

architecture arc of bejoy_8x3 is
begin
a2<= d4 or d5 or d6 or d7;
a1<= d2 or d3 or d6 or d7;
a0<= d1 or d3 or d5 or d7;
end arc;

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VHDL code for 2x1 Multiplexer

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

entity bejoy_2x1 is
port(d0,d1,s:in std_logic;

z:out std_logic;
z1,z2: inout std_logic);
end bejoy_2x1;

architecture arc of bejoy_2x1 is
begin
z1 <= d0 and (not s);
z2 <= (d1 and s);
z <= z1 or z2;
end arc;

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Structural Analysis of a Washing Machine through its Loading Cases (Mechanical Project)

This project is focused in the determination of different loading cases and the application of their results to the optimization of two parts of a washing machine, the tripod and the front cover.

The first step in this report is to obtain a numerical model of a washing machine. It includes the assembly in a mechanical software program (Abaqus), and the assignment of the specific boundary conditions and material properties for the problem. Simulation parameters such as mesh size; types of elements, and number of iterations used in the calculations will also be decided.

A study of the different loading cases is carried out with the intention of having a general view of the problem and selecting four specific cases for its application to the reconstruction of the aimed parts (tripod and front cover). This study includes the calculation of the worst relative angle between the tripod and the resultant force for two opposite loads inside the drum. This angle results to be 35º between the arm and the direction of the resultant force.

Through the application of these different loading conditions to this model, the mechanical behaviour of the parts will be obtained and this information will be used in the reconstruction. By mechanical behaviour it is meant to know the maximum level of stress (tension, compression and shear), and deformation (displacement and strain).

Once it is well known which are the most suffering points of the tripod and in the front cover, several different new shapes are created. The parameters considered in this reconstruction were the decrease of volume, the reduction of the level of stress and the deformations. Two of these shapes are chosen and tested in the numerical model, as a checkout.
Source: University of Skövde

Download Project

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Class H Power Amplifier TDA1562Q

Several years ago we often hear class of power amplifier. We can make power amplifier in class A, class B or class AB.

Class H Power Amplifier

Class H power amplifiers take the idea of Class G one step further creating an infinitely variable supply rail. This is done by modulating the supply rails so that the rails are only a few volts larger than the output signal at any given time. The output stage operates at its maximum efficiency all the time. Switched-mode power supplies can be used to create the tracking rails. Significant efficiency gains can be achieved but with the drawback of more complicated supply design and reduced THD performance.

IC TDA1562Q is Class H Power Amplifier. Learn more about chip TDA1562Q can be found here.

Schematic diagram of the power amplifier TDA1562Q is shown in Figure 1, the appearance in Figure 2. Has an internal booster circuit elements that allow to develop at 4 Ohm load with power supply 14.2 volts, the power to 70 Watts

Fig.1 Schematic of TDA1562Q Class H Power Amplifier.

Fig.2 Kit of TDA1562Q Class H Power Amplifier.

There should be a reservation - this musical power, and no noise, which usually indicate a modern car audio equipment. Mainly on the presence of these parameters is that when measuring the noise power as a test signal using a rectangular audio signal. Of course, that under this test, power output is possible, but to call it music, hardly anyone turns language.

If the test checks power amplifier TDA1562Q on the noise power in the load 4 Ohm chip developed at the output of 130 watts, which is quite clearly shows that it is much more powerful than the chips used in stereo systems.
As is evident from all the above on the basis of this amplifier can be built quite compact size car for powerful acoustics, and for the sub-woofer. It is not necessary to assemble a fairly labor-intensive converters. Of course the amplifier nonlinear distortion based on the TDA1562Q is slightly higher than the amplifier with transformer-based TDA7294 or TDA7293, but it is still far less than many cheap car amplifiers priced up to $ 150.

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Identify IC TDA7293 and TDA7294 Fake or Original

TDA7293 and TDA7294 is a common feature of the bootstrap capacitor is not installed work as usual, which gives an opportunity for unscrupulous traders to provide fake, counterfeit goods market is the most polished printed for the TDA7294 TDA7293, from the printing on the can identify, find a few different batches of IC for your reference:

If you can not see it, multimeter test:

TDA7294 pin 11, pin 12 empty legs, open state is insulated

TDA7293 pin 11 (voltage amplification stage output), pin 12 (bootstrap) has a resistance:

Picture this subject as follows: 3456 +1. Gif

TDA7293 limit voltage 120v

Limit voltage 100v TDA7294

I found that some batches were TDA7294 90V breakdown in the type of IC sound like TDA2030, reaction was slow, boring sound, though not sure whether the fake, but certainly not a good thing!

The breakdown is not more than 90V, the general performance of the midrange and treble sound clear and bright, fast response! Found in different batches of test and origin of the TDA7294 sound even different!

Sound quality not as good as Legend TDA7293 TDA7294, wrong! I found a few pieces of genuine TDA7293 sample tests and found TDA7293 TDA7294 sound much better than that, the biggest feature is bright! Fast! Power foot.

Above are for reference only, are welcome to share and talk about their experiences

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PT2399 Echo, Reverb Effects Schematic Circuit

Brief Description:

IC PT2399 from Princeton Technology Corporation. Pin  15 and pin 16 to form a capacitance by changing the external resistance to change the input frequency response of the inverting amplifier, as the signal input. Pin 8, pin 9, pin 10 form an external pre-emphasis - Compare the source set, the internal microcontroller output DO0 after passing through the circuit compared with the input signal, thus completing the A / D conversion, and then 1bit of data into the microcontroller the Delay Line. 

Similarly, pin 11, pin 12 and pin 7 form to add - Compare source circuit, the signal from pin 12 out. And pin 13 , pin 14 is a separate inverting amplifier, and not directly connected with the internal processing circuitry, it can be used flexibly for the designers.

Pin 6 to control the speed of the internal MCU Delay Line VCO input, changing the voltage can change the delay time, and from pin 5 to monitor the current oscillation frequency. Pin 2 for the internal op amp reference when a single supply source, the integrated circuit is well within 1/2 partial supply voltage, so only the external access to anti-ripple circuit (voltage regulator) to.

PT2399 frequency response within the limits of about 5kHz, and when the input signal when the frequency is higher than 4kHz, sine wave input signal will become somewhat similar to the triangle wave, and in the input signal frequency is greater than 5kHz, it will produce distortion and digital noise. 

Although the guitar signal in the above information on this range is relatively small, but the delay of the chip to deal with these frequency response will be smooth and some distortion.

  

PT2399 input signal amplitude is about 3Vpp signal level higher than this range will be limiting. In the above diagram, the change of pin 15, pin 16 of the resistive and capacitive components, you can change the input frequency response; change components on pin 12 , pin 13, pin 14 of the resistive and capacitive components, you can change the output frequency response. 

The internal structure of integrated circuits based on PT2399, the two parts of the design is the operational amplifier filter design, designers can calculate the actual situation, to not repeat them here.

  

In addition, PT2399 VCO external setting resistors to the minimum, the delay time is 31.3ms, because of this a long time, not suitable for production of chorus or Flanger effects.

For more future information about IC PT2399

Source : http://http://www.avtech.cn/dv_rss.asp?s=xhtml&boardid=4&id=64&page=2

Echo Application Schematic Circuit

Guitar Effect Application Schematic Circuit

Bottom Layout of PCB

Component Layout of PCB

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Stereo Audio Power Amplifier 11 Watt using LM4752

Featuring drives 4 Ohm and 8 Ohm loads, single supply operation, compact 7-lead TO-220 package, wide supply range 9V – 40V, internal thermal protection, internal gain resistors (AV = 34 dB), the LM4752 is a stereo audio application circuit of Stereo Audio Power Amplifier 11Watt using LM4752. amplifier capable of delivering 11 Watt per channel of continuous average output power to a 4 Ohm load, or 7 Watt per channel into 8 Ohm using a single 24V supply at 10% THD+N. This stereo audio amplifier is applied mostly in multimedia speakers, stereo TVs, Mini component stereos, and compact stereos.

schemtic digram circuit of Stereo Audio Power Amplifier 11 Watt using LM4752

The following article (well actually datasheet) contains detail information about LM4752 Stereo Audio Power Amplifier 11 Watt description, illustration, schematics and circuit diagrams, specification, key features, application, connection diagrams, absolute maximum ratings, operating ratings, electrical characteristics, test circuit, equivalent schematic diagram, system application circuit, external components description, typical performance characteristics and physical dimension. Here is a quotation from the LM4752 datasheet:

“Proper PC board layout is essential for good circuit performance. When laying out a PC board for an audio power amplifier, particular attention must be paid to the routing of the output signal ground returns relative to the input signal and bias capacitor grounds. To prevent any ground loops, the ground returns for the output signals should be routed separately and brought together at the supply ground.”

Find more about Stereo Audio Power Amplifier 11 Watt using LM4752 here – 22 pages of PDF filetype. (source: national.com). Find also other Audio Amplifier application you might be looking for.

External link:

LM4752 Stereo Audio Power Amplifier 11 Watt Datasheet – www.national.com

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Power Amplifier Gainclones more Gainclones Power Amplifier

2x25 Watt LM1875 Gainclone Amplifier

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2x50W LM3875 Gainclone Amplifier

---

2x56W LM3876 Gainclone Amplifier

---

2x68W LM3886 Gainclone Amplifier

---

2x50W Tube Gainclone Hybrid Amplifier

---

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DIY Cat5 Speaker Cables

These are perfect speaker cables for my brother speaker. I build use AMP Cat6 cables, for detail view here.

AMP Cable Cat6

TwistPair in TwistPair Cable Cat6

 

Ilustration wiring cable speaker using cable cat6

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Single Ended Class-A Power Amplifier using 6C45Pi

The valve itself, have a simple circuit enviable any transistor amplifier, however, not many projects that employ a single active component. This construction philosophy, I like to call it minimalism.

If one speaks of minimalism, I think, that this project has all the credentials to qualify as such.

This is an amplifier cu, a final integrated (Compact) which employs a single tube (triode) signed 6C45Pi. To do this, could be used several tubes, including 437A, E55L (pentode) and the fantastic and expensive EC8020.

Two lines must for this valve: The EC8020 has an exceptional linearity, high dissipation and trasconduttanza worthy of a power triode. All factors ideal for a good amplifier cu, were it not for the prohibitive price (on the ebay Offers easily exceed one thousand dollars!).

6C45Pi even if does not reach the performance of EC8020, performs the task with dignity. The cost is a couple of orders of magnitude lower and is currently produced by Electro Harmonix and is part of his series most valuable the Gold Pins.

Schematic Diagram

The circuit used setup is classic: single-ended. This choice leads to a lower power, an output transformer more expensive, but all will benefit, at least for my taste, the sound quality.

shematic-Single-Ended-Class-A-Power-Amplifier-using-6C45Pi

About nutrition, the first idea was to use, such as straightening, a valve, but with an excessive size of the Schottky diode and filtering capabilities have also obtained excellent results (Sonic).


PCB

Not many projects are implemented on printed circuit valve, but it is my strong belief that, 's addition to a more orderly construction, provides added value to the success of the project.

The layout is as follows:

PCB-Layout-Single-Ended-Class-A-Power-Amplifier-using-6C45Pi

A fundamental rule in the design of the board is to avoid any link mass, so you should use as much as possible in a star structure. Usually the star center coincides with the negative of the first capacitor filter.

Realization

The board:



I used the usual method of iron more HCl + H 2 O 2.

Four resistors are metal film for half a watt, those from 220ohm wire wound vitreous enamel coated 6W, the Panasonic FC Electrolytic low impedance. Alps potentiometer, then the diodes, as already mentioned, type Schottky 1000V 1.5 A.

The two TU are wrapped by the Company upon specific ATC Electronix: www.atcelectronix.com/ provides the following features:

Primary: 4000 ohms
Secondary: 6 ohms
Power: 10W
Grain-oriented core AC 0:35
Bandwidth: 15 Hz - 75 KHz



I like to use for my projects output transformers wound on specific, because I have the opportunity to obtain more than I seek., The kind Mr. E. Calabrese's ATC Electronix has been immediately available, we discussed the characteristics and came quietly meeting.

Mechanically, the TU are well made, sturdy, beautiful black ice caps, we see that there is the hand of a fan.

Some photos of finished:


The cabinet is birch plywood 10mm polished with wax. I like the effect that old yellow comes out. The photos do not make the idea of greatness, but it is really small, only 230 x 200 mm high 60mm (TU and TA excluded).



I suggest to the speaker terminals, derived from a larval bi-wiring connections, it was a very economical way to get the four terminals, buying in bulk would have cost me more.



The cable used for connections between RCA, potentiometer and card is excellent Belden.

Listening

A valve, one triode and yet it sounds. Thought of having to keep the volume potentiometer can to listen to a decent level, but it was not at all. The pot did not exceed half of the race than I shouted down ... but we are talking about a "paltry" Watts!. Certainly the BLH (FE108ESigma) have done their bit (90 dB / W efficiency).

I connected everything, turned on and my room was immediately filled with music. Main features: detail, depth and dynamics.

Everything I heard sounded really good, thanks not only 6C45Pi but also of TU ATC Electronix.

The Finaly I am deeply moved, usually happens at concerts and my master amplifier.

The Medes and the voices are spectacular. I listened to all possible kinds of vocal music. Each of them seem natural, male or female is.

From Jazz to Classical, dall'Acustica the Rock and anything there is in the middle, everything comes back perfect. This little amp is very transparent.

Having experienced the one-tube amplifier, I had the confirmation: I will be forever minimal! Few watts, or only a few components in the audio chain, single screw speakers, no cross-over, no feedback, just pure music!. An amp like this, a simple player, a pair of single screw is all that a person has (or should have) need. I am extremely satisfied, so much so that I could separate me from my SE with the 2A3 and not feel greatly missed.

Faults? Sure. The sensitivity is very high, indeed it is low for maximum power output must be driven by almost 5 Vpp. The dynamic is good, but only one watt is just for musicians. However, the little man is promoted with flying colors while remaining down to earth.

(Source: http://digilander.libero.it/giovannidefilippo/progetti/GDF-UNICO!/UNICO.htm)

Read More